diff --git a/sau/services.py b/sau/services.py
index 2966572..9d51225 100644
--- a/sau/services.py
+++ b/sau/services.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import psutil
 
 import sau
 import sau.errors
+import sau.helpers
 import sau.platforms
 
 proc_fd_map_re = re.compile(r'^.*(/[^\(]*) \(deleted\)$')
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ def _warn(policy, msg):
     if not policy.startswith('silent'):
         log.warning(msg)
 
-def _get_deleted_open_files(proc):
+def get_deleted_open_files(proc):
     log = logging.getLogger(sau.LOGNAME)
     files = set()
 
@@ -62,25 +63,40 @@ def get_exe_file(name):
                     log.debug('Found binary for {} at {}'.format(name, root))
                     return os.path.join(root, name)
 
+# return all processes with open files
+def _get_processes():
+    log = logging.getLogger(sau.LOGNAME)
+    check_procs = set()
+    for proc in psutil.process_iter():
+        files = get_deleted_open_files(proc)
+        if files:
+            log.debug('{} has open deleted files'.format(proc))
+            check_procs.add(proc)
+
+    return check_procs
+
 def restart_services():
     log = logging.getLogger(sau.LOGNAME)
     platform = sau.platforms.get_platform()
     conf = sau.config
-    check_procs = set()
-    for proc in psutil.process_iter():
-        files = _get_deleted_open_files(proc)
-        if files:
-            log.info('{} has open deleted files'.format(proc))
-            check_procs.add(proc)
 
+    check_procs = _get_processes()
     # wait before the second test
-    time.sleep(1)
+    time.sleep(5)
+
+    on_systemd = False
+    try:
+        init_proc = psutil.Process(pid=1)
+        if init_proc.name() == 'systemd':
+            on_systemd = True
+    except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
+        pass
 
     # perform a second check to remove potential false positives
     service_procs = set()
     retest_procs = set()
     for proc in check_procs:
-        files = _get_deleted_open_files(proc)
+        files = get_deleted_open_files(proc)
         if not files:
             # no deleted open files for this process any longer
             continue
@@ -89,32 +105,60 @@ def restart_services():
         except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.ZombieProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
             # either of the above exceptions means the process has quit
             continue
-        parent = _get_top_parent(proc)
+        if on_systemd:
+            service_procs.add(proc)
+        else:
+            parent = _get_top_parent(proc)
+            service_procs.add(parent)
 
-        service_procs.add(parent)
         retest_procs.add(proc)
 
+    recommend_restart = False
     processes = {}
     services = {}
     for proc in service_procs:
         if not proc:
             continue
+
+        service_name = None
         try:
             service_exe = proc.exe()
             proc_name = proc.name()
         except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.ZombieProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
             log.debug('{} died before it could be restarted'.format(proc))
             continue
-        service_name = _get_service_from_proc(proc)
+
+        if on_systemd:
+            if proc.pid == 1:
+                log.info("Upgrade of systemd detected; doing daemon-reexec")
+                ret, _out, _err = sau.helpers.exec_cmd([ '/usr/bin/systemctl', 'daemon-reexec' ])
+                continue
+            ret, unit, err = sau.helpers.exec_cmd([ '/usr/bin/systemctl', 'whoami', f'{proc.pid}' ])
+            unit = unit.strip()
+            name, unit_type = unit.split('.')
+            if ret != 0:
+                log.debug(f'Non-success ({ret}) when checking unit for process: {err}')
+                continue
+            elif unit_type != 'service':
+                log.warning(f'not restarting non-service unit "{unit}"; owner of {proc}')
+            else:
+                _ret, enabled, _err = sau.helpers.exec_cmd([ '/usr/bin/systemctl', 'is-enabled', unit ])
+                enabled = enabled.strip()
+                if enabled != 'enabled':
+                    log.warning(f'Unit {name}.service has enable status: {enabled} - will only restart "enabled" services')
+                else:
+                    service_name = name
+        else:
+            service_name = _get_service_from_proc(proc)
 
         if not service_name:
-            log.debug('no service for process {}'.format(proc))
+            log.warning('no service for process {}'.format(proc))
+            recommend_restart = True
             continue
 
         services[proc_name] = service_name
         processes[service_name] = [proc]
 
-    recommend_restart = False
     for service in set([x for x in services.values() if x]):
         policy = _get_service_restart_policy(service)
         if policy == 'ignore':
@@ -131,34 +175,17 @@ def restart_services():
 
     tested_parents = set()
     for proc in retest_procs:
-        parent = _get_top_parent(proc)
-        if not parent:
-            continue
-        parent_name = parent.name()
-        if parent in tested_parents:
-            log.debug('{} belongs to already tested parent {}'.format(proc, parent))
+        try:
+            proc_name = proc.name()
+            if proc_name not in services:
+                continue
+        except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.ZombieProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):
             continue
 
-        if _get_deleted_open_files(proc):
-            tested_parents.add(parent)
-            service = _get_service_from_proc(parent)
-            if not service:
-                log.warning('could not re-check process {} - failed to identify service'.format(proc))
-                recommend_restart = True
-                continue
+        if get_deleted_open_files(proc):
+            service = services[proc_name]
             policy = _get_service_restart_policy(service)
-
-            log.debug('{} is in service {}'.format(proc, service))
-            if parent_name in services and not services[parent_name]:
-                _warn(policy, '{} (parent {}) does not belong to a service and could not be restarted'.format(proc, parent))
-                recommend_restart = True
-                continue
-            elif parent_name in services:
-                policy = _get_service_restart_policy(service)
-                log.debug('service {} has policy {}'.format(service, policy))
-                if policy in ('ignore', 'warn'):
-                    continue
-            _warn(policy, '{} (parent {}) still has deleted files open'.format(proc, parent))
+            _warn(policy, '{} still has deleted files open'.format(proc, parent))
             recommend_restart = True
     return recommend_restart